NEWSMAKINGNEWS.COM
FOLLOW
THE YELLOW
BRICK ROAD:
FROM HARVARD TO ENRON
PART FIVE
by Linda Minor © 2002
Permission to reprint with
acknowledgement, granted by author.
The research I began into the career of Pug Winokur
(whose resignation as chairman of Enron's finance committee and as director
was delivered to Enron on June 6, 2002) has opened vistas of understanding I
never anticipated. Following Winokur's connection to Zapata and to Penn
Central, however, is helping to lay a path of bricks which is taking us ever
closer to Oz--the invisible man behind the veil. The yellow-brick road is the
historical path he took to establish his position of power. The only way to
make him visible is to illuminate the path--to understand the history. We
have to see the world whole in order to fix it. Oz operates a
compartmentalized system where even the people involved in it do not fully
understand how their individual roles fit into the overall scheme. It is
therefore critical to connect all the bricks, to prevent participants in the
scheme from rationalizing their complicity in the evil that has resulted from
the control Oz exerts.
We often refer to Oz as the Octopus. We know there
is a brain there and a body, but we get confused by all the tentacles waving
about in every direction. If we can just understand that the tentacles are
connected, and if we can see the pattern that produces each tentacle, we will
be able to bring Oz into better focus. That is the purpose of this series
which began with Pug Winokur's career; to develop a model by which each of us
can understand the pattern. We have to come
to terms with what Winston Smith understood in George Orwell's 1984--that
the people who control our world today perpetrate war in the name of
peace, they practice greed in the name of charity, and they spout propaganda
in the name of truth. We cannot accept religious, charitable and political
institutions at face value because they were set up in order to deceive us.
The proof is in the pattern.
Pennsylvania's
Historical Connection to Slave and Opium Trade
One thing I have learned in this research project,
as a result of trying to learn who benefited when the Penn Central Railroad
was looted, is how central the state of Pennsylvania is to the birth and
development of what is often called "The New World Order," otherwise referred
to as one-world government. In this part of the series we find that
Philadelphia's elite families have close ties to British banking families that
were involved in the opium trade in China, that they have ties by marriage to
the Astors who hosted the Round Table Group in England, which grew into the
Council on Foreign Relations. We also discover interlocking friendships
between the Astors, the Fabian Socialists and British intelligence
operatives in the old Ottoman Empire who helped create the nations of Saudi
Arabia and Iraq and fostered the rise of King Ibn Saud who granted oil
concessions to a California oil company with roots in one of the original
Standard Oil companies dissolved in 1911. We also learn of the relations
between members of this group and attorneys and church ministers who acted as
advisers to Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller and of the connection
between those men and the Pennsylvania Railroad.
In addition, we will explore the possibility of
whether profits from the Rhodes Trust (whose trustees comprised the Round
Table) could have been invested, using J.P. Morgan associates as nominees, in
strategic industries in Germany, Russia and other countries, acting as part of
a consortium of investors. Such a consortium was in fact formalized by
federal law into the American International Corporation (AIC), by a statute
introduced almost simultaneously with the passage of the Federal Reserve Act.
We know that agents of J.P. Morgan (the Rhodes Trust's agent in many American
investments) and directors of the newly established New York Federal
Reserve Bank exercised control over AIC from the beginning, but at this point
we can only speculate about whose capital Morgan was investing--the true
owners of the equity held in Morgan's name. Nor do we know whether the source
of deposits in the New York Fed member banks emanated from the same syndicate
operations. What we do know is that the goals of these bankers
are contradictory to the ideals of American independence embodied in the U.S.
Constitution. More specifically related to Penn Central history, we know that
the Pennsylvania Railroad, dependent upon European investors who held its debt
securities, was an investor in a consortium decades prior to the central
bank's creation, specifically in regard to shipyards in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, an investment which will link back to the Bush and Harriman
network.
When Congress investigated the collapse of the Penn
Central, they settled on David C. Bevan, Penn Central's Chairman of the
Finance Committee and Chief Financial Officer from 1968-1970, as the chief
culprit. Penphil, the secret investment company Bevan headed purchased stock
in the same companies as the railroad, with loans from Chemical Bank New York
Trust Company. 1 But Bevan
did not appear to be motivate by self-interest. He came from a long tradition
of Quakers, a sect which originated in Northern England among educated
families during the civil war between the puritans and the Stuart royalists.
This was the industrialized area of England, and Quakers were drawn from the
class of craftsmen and tradesmen involved in steel and other industry. They
acquired a reputation for honesty, which enhanced their standing in business,
though they were alienated from society. After the Restoration, Quakers were
denied access to the usual professional, business and employment opportunities
open to an educated and literate group. Their business acumen and meticulous
record-keeping evolved into banking, and four out of five of the Banks in
existence in England of the 17th century were of Quaker origin, including
Barclays, Lloyds, Gurneys and Backhouses, all of which had close connections
by marriage.
The State of Pennsylvania had been
originally chartered as a colony by William Penn, a Quaker, who encouraged
settlement by dissenters from established religions, thus attracting English
Quakers, German Amish and Mennonites and French Huguenots. Many of the
English Quakers who came to Pennsylvania were connected to "banks" engaged
in trade in the country districts of England, which were in turn connected to
the City of London through correspondent accounts with bankers in Lombard
Street and its vicinity. The country banks just before 1900 amalgamated into
Barclays Bank, a Quaker-owned bank. 2 For
some reason Quaker businessmen seemed to have no moral aversion to the slave
trade, as indicated in this quote from Capitalism and Slavery
, by Dr. Eric Williams, who was a recognized historian and was also the
Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago:
"Quaker nonconformity did not extend to the slave
trade. In 1756 there were eighty-four Quakers listed as members of the
Company trading to Africa, among them the Barclay and the Baring families.
Slave dealing was one of the most lucrative investments of English as of
American Quakers, and the name of slaver, The Willing Quaker, reported from
Boston at Sierra Leone in 1793, symbolizes the approval with which the slave
trade was regarded in Quaker circles. The Quaker opposition to the slave
trade came first and largely not from England but from America, and there
from the small rural communities of the North, independent of slave labour.
'It is difficult', writes Dr. Gray, 'to avoid the assumption that opposition
to the slave system was at the first confined to a group who gained no
direct advantage from it, and consequently possessed an objective
attitude.'... 3
This conflicted heritage is the essence of
Pennsylvania. Sons of these Quaker bankers had emigrated to America and were
attracted to Pennsylvania. David C. Bevan, who allegedly designed the
consolidation that wrecked the Penn Central, came from this background.
Quaker immigrants created the first life insurance company in America
(Presbyterian Ministers’ Fund)--in Philadelphia. Insurance contracts were
reinforced by bonds drawn by Benjamin Chew, Esq., one of the first of the
"Philadelphia lawyers," who was not only named Chief Justice of Pennsylvania,
but also built an estate called Cliveden, at 6401 Germantown Avenue in
Philadelphia, in the mid 1760s. It is likely that the name "Cliveden" was
copied from the estate purchased in 1660 by the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, George
Villiers, near London, which would be acquired many years later by the Astor
family, who will be discussed later. At the time Penn acquired his land from
Charles II, Villiers was a member of the Privy Council, also known as the
Committee for Foreign Affairs, five men from whose names the acronym "cabal"
was said to have originated. 4
Quakers owned the company called the Free Society
of Traders, which purchased 20,000 acres in Penn's colony for resale. The
founder and treasurer of this consortium was James Claypoole, whose
descendants have been involved in Philadelphia ever since. Many of the ships
which transported settlers from England were owned by the Barclay family, who
were also heavily involved in transporting slaves, despite the later
reputation that Quakers acquired. 5 Management
of the Presbyterian Ministers’ Fund came to include the Bevan family of
Quakers, trustees in Barclays Bank for centuries. In fact, the American Bevan
family began with Matthew L. Bevan, born in Pennsylvania in 1777 to a Quaker
family. He became a Presbyterian in 1849, joining a church in Philadelphia
pastored by Dr. Jacob Janeway, a Presbyterian Ministers’ Fund board member.
This fund was created in 1761 in Philadelphia, roughly the same year the
Equitable Assurance Society was created in London. Matthew Bevan, a shipping
merchant for the cotton handling firm of Bevan and Humphreys, which
had contacts with Barings Bank of Liverpool, was named president of the
Presbyterian Ministers Fund and director on the board of the Insurance Company
of North America. An ICNA subsidiary was North America Land Company, created
by Robert Morris, financier of the American Revolution. A trustee was John
Barclay, whose family in England were partners with the Bevans. Another
Philadelphia associate was Robert Ralston, shipping merchant in the China
trade, director of the ICNA, and a founder and director of the Second Bank of
the U.S. and of the Philadelphia Exchange. Ralston was therefore acquainted
with fellow church member, Matthew L. Bevan, Presbyterian Corporation
president in 1844, who liquidated the assets of the Second Bank of the U.S.
These men created the framework for Philadelphia's financial and corporate
institutions which played a crucial role in the operation of the Pennsylvania
Railroad. [Source: Alexander Mackie, Facile Princeps: The Story of the
Beginning of Life Insurance in America (Lancaster, Pa.: Lancaster Press,
1956).]
The Pennsylvania Railroad cannot be separated from
the City of Philadelphia itself and from the historical institutions that are
a part of that city. Philadelphia was the first capital of the United
States. The chief financier of the American Revolution was Robert Morris,
who had been born in the
textile-trading port of Liverpool in 1734, and, after immigrating, moved from
the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland to Philadelphia to serve as an apprentice to
merchant Charles Willing, becoming a partner of Thomas Willing in 1754. The
firm became a contractor of a secret committee formed by the Continental
Congress in 1775, to supply guns and ammunition for the war against the
British. The Americans received both military assistance and loans from the
French, and the war ended with America owing $25 million in war debts it could
not pay.
The French government would
not extend any more credit and was concerned to have existing loans repaid.
Those loans were renegotiated at a higher rate of interest.
Morris renegotiated one loan after another, since repudiation would have meant
bankruptcy.
Morris returned to Philadelphia, the Capital, and in 1781 was appointed
Superintendent of Finance. He also
started the Bank of North America (forerunner to
the First Bank of the U.S.), created by an act of Congress, capitalized at
$400,000 initially, $70,000 of which was subscribed by individual investors.
Morris used $254,000 of
the loan he obtained from France to subscribe the remaining shares to the
government, making the U.S. government the principal stockholder. To repay the
French loans, Morris proposed a land tax, a poll tax, an excise tax and a
house tax to help generate revenue for paying debts, but the states would not
agree. On
January 24, 1783, facing an impossible situation, Morris told Congress
he would resign.
He returned to his shipping business. Among other things, he pioneered the
China trade: his ship Empress of China was believed to have been the
first U.S. ship to trade with China. He used his shipping fortune to buy land
throughout the Union, and by 1795 had acquired over 6 million acres. His aim
was to promote the development of farms and towns; however, wars in
Europe reduced the flow of immigrants. The mortgages and taxes were more than
he could pay. Creditors had him arrested, and he was sentenced to
Philadelphia debtor’s prison from 1798 to 1801. Humiliated and broke, he died
on May 7, 1806. 6
The First Bank of the United States, chartered in
1791 by Alexander Hamilton to operate for the benefit of the new American
anti-oligarchic system for which a revolution had just been waged, was
destroyed by an opposing faction which plotted to murder Hamilton in 1804. The
bank's charter did not expire until seven years after Hamilton's death, when
it was liquidated and its branches sold to leading state banks. By this time
Thomas Jefferson had been elected President and put Albert Gallatin, a Swiss
banker, in charge of Treasury--who attempted to reduce the debt, by then $80
million. Instead, in 1803 the debt increased by $15 million as a result of
the purchase of Louisiana from France. In 1802 Gallatin sold the government's
stock in the First Bank of the U.S., which he was liquidating, to the House of
Baring in London, using the funds received from Barings to pay an installment
on the debt owed to the Dutch. In this transaction, Barings was acting on
behalf of Stephen Girard, who will be discussed shortly. 7
Also in 1802, one of the sons of First Baron
Francis Baring (chairman of the British East India Company and founder of
Barings Bank) married a daughter of William Bingham, a Senator from
Philadelphia. Bingham's wife was the daughter of Robert Morris' partner,
Thomas Willing, and the firm had appointed Bingham as its agent in Martinique
during the revolutionary war to run the British blockade to smuggle guns and
ammunition to the U.S. army. Prior to the war Bingham had been British consul
to Martinique, switching sides after independence was declared, thus amassing
a huge personal fortune as a profiteer. He returned to Philadelphia in 1780
and served as a director of the Bank of North America. At his death in 1804
in Bath, England, he owned vast land holdings in the United States, including
Maine and Pennsylvania, which were left in trust to his daughters--who married
the second and third sons of Francis Baring, head of Barings Bank. Anne
Louise Bingham married Alexander Baring, first Baron Ashburton. Maria Matilda
Bingham married Alexander’s Brother, Henry Baring of Cromer Hall.
8
The Pennsylvania land owned by
Bingham upon his death was in the northern counties of the state. It was left
to trustees--sons-in-law, Alexander Baring (afterwards Lord Ashburton) and
Henry Baring, and three friends, Robert Gilmore, of Baltimore, and Thomas
Mayne Willing and Charles Willing Hare, both of Philadelphia, who were
eventually succeeded by Joseph Reed Ingersoll, and John Craig Miller, and
three of Mr. Bingham's grandsons, William Bingham Baring (Lord Ashburton),
Francis Baring, and Henry Bingham Baring. Through this trust, therefore, the
lands came under the management of Barings Bank, as well as other family
connections of the trustees. For example, The Willing family was related by
marriage to the Astors, to White Russian royal émigré, Serge Obolensky, and to
the Hare family, closely connected to the University of Pennsylvania.
9
The Philadelphia trustees' relationship to Barings
Bank also connects them to the Harvard-related opium smugglers. Joshua
Bates, a protégé of Newburyport, Mass. opium trader Thomas Handasyd Perkins,
moved to London to work in the office of William Gray & Co., the largest
ship-owners in America, by whom Bates was later sent to London in charge of
their European business, and in 1826 entered into a partnership with Thomas Baring's
son. He joined Barings Bank two years later, eventually rising to head the
bank. Bates was married to the daughter of Samuel Sturgis, whose nephew
Russell Sturgis went to work for the London bank in 1851 and also rose to head
the bank. The Sturgis family were heavily involved in the China opium trade
and were intermarried with the Perkins clan, which would later merge
with Russell & Co. (
Click.
Part 1 and
Click. Part 2)Another Philadelphia
connection comes from Henry Sturgis Drinker, connected to the eminent
Philadelphia law firm, Drinker, Biddle & Reath, which represented the
Pennsylvania Railroad. The Sturgis family was also intermarried with the
Ingersolls, connecting them to the Bingham trust and to Barings.
10
The sister of Alexander and Henry Baring was Dorothy Elizabeth Baring,
who married Rt. Hon. Henry Labouchere, first Baron Taunton, president of the
British Board of Trade from 1839 to 1841, who will be mentioned again below.
The Baring family, after financing the opium wars for the British
government, had increased their fortune in the slave trade before the American
Civil War, in which they sided with the Southern cotton plantations. The
cotton and slave trade were the mercantile domain of the families who also ran
the opium trade in the Orient, such as the Sutherlands and Mathesons. The
Barings also founded the Peninsular & Oriental Steamship Co. to transport the
opium and became the largest foreign investor in American clipper ship
production.
Another bank allied with Barings in the Civil War was the Baltimore firm of
Alex. Brown & Sons, which had begun as a linen trader in Ireland. One of
Brown's sons, John A. Brown, had created a branch of their bank in
Philadelphia in 1818, which a century later would merge with W.A. Harriman &
Co. Because of the importance of cotton to the Southern economy, the wealthy
planters and merchants in the South, and the bankers who financed their trade,
were very closely tied to Britain. George H. Walker, who helped the Harrimans
set up their investment bank, worked for his family, which owned Ely, Walker
& Company Dry Goods and Walker Textiles, which owned numerous cotton mills, as
well as a shirt factory in Post, Texas, later sold to Burlington Industries.
More will be mentioned about Brown Brothers Harriman later in this article.
The First Bank of the United
States, chartered by Alexander Hamilton in 1791 to operate for the benefit
of the new American anti-oligarchic system for which a revolution had just
been waged, was destroyed by an opposing faction allied to Aaron Burr
(founder of the Manhattan Company, a "bank" that would later be controlled
by the Warburgs) which plotted to murder Hamilton in 1804. The bank's
charter did not expire until seven years after Hamilton's death, when it
was liquidated and its branches sold to leading state banks. Much of the
bank's stock had been purchased by Stephen Girard who immigrated to
Philadelphia from Bordeaux, France. Girard soon became Philadelphia’s major
shipping merchant in the West India trade. He had left ships and cargoes in
France which he wished to consolidate with his American holdings, but the
embargo imposed by Jefferson prevented him from legally bringing back the
ships and cargoes, forcing him to sell his assets in Europe. He invested
the proceeds in stock of the First Bank of the United States. The risk was
that he could not be certain that the bank charter would be renewed, though
the shares provided for a liquidation value. Girard was assisted by an
agent, who also employed his own agent, Baring Brothers, to purchase the
shares for Girard's benefit once the proceeds had been transferred to
London. At that time, prior to 1812, Girard was Barings' largest client.
Girard also bought the building which housed the bank, and he reopened the
bank under state charter as Girard's Bank.
When the United
States went to war against Great Britain in 1812, the war was financed by
government bonds issued by the U.S. government and purchased by Girard. After
the war, Girard encouraged the charter for the Second Bank of the U.S. in
1816. In 1823 Nicholas Biddle, who had been trained in France was appointed
by President Monroe to head the bank. According
to author Eustace Mullins, James Rothschild of Paris was the principal
investor in the bank, and in 1835 the House of Rothschild had become financial
agent for the U.S. Government, replacing Barings.
11 When Girard died in 1831, he
bequeathed to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania $300,000 and to the City of
Philadelphia, cash and real estate amounting to over $6,000,000. Girard's
will was extremely detailed and lengthy; the bulk of his estate was for the
establishment of "a permanent College." Girard put his estate in the control
of William J. Duane, who won a court battle to control the estate for the
benefit of the public. Another trustee was Thomas Pym Cope, a Quaker merchant
engaged in shipping, whose wife was Mary Drinker. A trust fund for Girard
College was established, with Nicholas Biddle as Chairman of the Board.
In 1837, Biddle, using Girard's funds, sent
Alexander Dallas Bache to Europe for two years, to study European
education. Bache, age 25, and his cousin Franklin Bache were the leading
descendants of Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. Alexander Bache had served
in the Army Corps of Engineers for three years, teaching at West Point and
helping construct Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island. From 1828, Bache was
professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the University of
Pennsylvania, until in 1836 Nicholas Biddle made him President of the
projected Girard College and sent him to Europe. Under German guidance, Bache
headed a scientific and intellectual group whose goal was national
development, with assistance from industrial leaders grouped around the
Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1843, Bache was appointed Superintendent of the U.S.
Coast Survey. The circle of friends and colleagues with which Bache
associated came to refer to themselves informally in the 1850's as the
"Florentine Academy" and then the "Lazzaroni." By the time of the Civil War,
the Lazzaroni group dominated Harvard and Yale Universities, the U.S. Navy,
and all American science. (Florence, Italy had been the cradle of the
European Renaissance--where the belief in universal education, and the
creation of an enlightened society in which all mankind can share, was
engendered.)
Meanwhile, the Second Bank being run by Nicholas
Biddle was under attack. The cry in 1831 had been that Biddle's Bank was
"undemocratic," that it did not allow "private enterprise" and "the little
man" room to participate in finance--a philosophy espoused by President Andrew
Jackson, a tool of British bankers--Brown Brothers and Prime, Ward and King
(agents for Barings, the bank which laundered the profits coming to the
British government from the opium trade in China). The bank would be totally
destroyed by 1841, while the first Opium War was being fought in China, and
the United States was gearing up for war against Mexico. Nicholas Biddle
died in 1844. Once a person dies, of course, no matter how well he may design
the legal framework to control the administration of the wealth he leaves
behind, there are always vultures who can get around the spirit of the donor's
legacy. That is what happened in 1869 to the system Girard had supported with
his bequests, as well as to his associates that fought for that system.
The control of the Girard and other charitable
trusts left to the City of Philadelphia, fell to a board appointed by the
State of Pennsylvania by Act of Assembly of June 30, 1869. Such boards can
easily be controlled by men without integrity who are willing to bribe state
officials or provide them with the funds to win elections. A valuable
research project would be to study the history of the Philadelphia City Trusts
to see who has been appointed to sit on the board for the last 133 years. 12
By manipulating political and economic divisions
within the United States, the European banking oligarchy--operating best
through secret occult societies like Skull and Bones, the Rosicrucians, the
Order of the Golden Dawn, and even the Scottish Rite and other forms of
Freemasonry-- 13 embroiled
these factions into the Civil War, resulting in economic devastation and a
drastic need for capital to rebuild. By purchasing the debt securities issued
for reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure, the old banking families by
1870 had seized control of the American economic and political
system. Alexander Bache died in 1867. Two years later his group of loyal
Americans in Philadelphia, together with the institutions they operated on
behalf of the American system--the universities, the Navy, and American
science--would begin its decline when the management of the trust funds was
captured. Even the Biddle family would be targeted for control by a
foreign-oriented faction when members of that family made ties by marriage
with such notable families as the Drexels and the Dukes--who pursued a strong
interest in eugenics and breeding--and who had investment ties with
Europeans. The American Philosophical Society (APS), originally founded by
Benjamin Franklin, would eventually concern itself not with universal
improvement of humanity, but with the same interest in genetic research that
fascinated Hitler's scientists, evidenced by a major collection for the
fascist American Eugenics Society at the APS historical website.
14
Elite Philadelphia Families
Tied to Global
Agendas of Old World Wealth
The house of Drexel & Co. was founded in 1837 by
Francis Martin Drexel, an Austrian, born in Dornbirn, Tyrol in western Austria
near Switzerland and Liechtenstein, who arrived in the U.S. in 1817, one year
before a branch of Brown Brothers opened in Philadelphia. Associated with him
were his sons Francis Anthony, Anthony Joseph, and Joseph William. Francis
Anthony Drexel, who married Emma Bouvier (the sister of John Bouvier,
Jacqueline Kennedy's great grandfather), in 1863 became the senior member of
the firm. 15 He forged an
alliance in 1871 with Junius Morgan's son, J. Pierpont, to allow Drexel to tap
into the lucrative European market for American bonds. Drexel's place of
birth was the province controlled by the German merchant prince family of
Fugger, who built the Fuggerei "poor house" in Tirol, and whose wealth had
enabled them to make large loans to the German king, Maximilian I.
16 It was the debts to the Fuggers that
resulted in the British Crown's being given to William and Mary from
Amsterdam, who chartered the Bank of England in 1694. It is not known whether
Drexel had connections to the descendants of this wealthy German family. The
new firm--established in New York--became Drexel, Morgan & Co., and another
firm, called Drexel, Harjes & Co., was in Paris. Anthony married Ellen Roset
and had three sons and four daughters, one of whom, Emilie, married a Biddle.
In 1891 Anthony Drexel founded, and endowed with $2,000,000, the Drexel
Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia, now Drexel University,
and died at Karlsbad, Germany, in 1893.
Emilie Drexel Biddle's grandson, Andrew
Joseph Drexel Biddle, Jr., after his first marriage to Mary Duke of the North
Carolina tobacco family ended in divorce, married the daughter of William
Boyce Thompson, a graduate of Phillips Exeter and Yale (also Skull and Bones),
who controlled an American mining empire. Thompson is a very important player
in the story of the American International Corporation, discussed later in
this article.
In his book, The Duchess of Windsor,
Charles Higham mentions that the Duchess was a good friend of A.J. Drexel
Biddle, Jr. and his wife, Margaret, having met with the Biddles on at least
two occasions: (1) in 1940 aboard ship, when the Windsors left Portugal to
take up the appointment as Governor of the Bahamas, where they entertained the
Biddles and U.S. Ambassador to Italy William Phillips (of Massachusetts), at
dinner; and (2) in 1951 the Windsors stayed with the Biddles in London while
King George was having throat surgery.
A.J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. was appointed as Ambassador to Poland in 1937,
just as World War II began to break out, and fled from one place to another to
avoid the invading German Army, ending up in Paris, where he also served as
Deputy Ambassador to France. It was in Paris that the Biddles became close
friends with the Windsors, who stayed for a considerable length of time in the
home of Baron Eugene Rothschild and his wife Kitty. During that time,
according to Charles Higham, their "greatest friend in Paris that year was
Ambassador William Bullitt ... a tacit Nazi sympathizer who was so
fanatically bent upon war with Russia that he was prepared to support every
kind of Fascist movement in Western Europe....He was a man after the Windsors'
own heart. He schemed against the popular front and collaborated with the
so-called 200 Families, which in the words of George Seldes, 'turned out to be
the French Fifth Column.' " (The Duchess of Windsor, p. 276).
From a reading of the various diplomatic communiqués, however, it appears
that Bullitt was more motivated by financial and economic concerns than by
mere politics. 17
While serving as Ambassador to Moscow, Bullitt
(from an "old," elite Philadelphia family) met Louise Bryant (they married in
1923), who had formerly been married to John Reed, organizer of the American
Communist Party. 18 The Bullitts
had one daughter, Anne Moen Bullitt, who according to Bullitt's listing in
Who's Who 1954, married Nicholas Benjamin Duke Biddle, son of A.J. Drexel
Biddle, Jr. and his wife Mary Duke (married 1915, divorced 1931), and a nephew
of Doris Duke, heiress to American Tobacco Co., the Duke Power Co. and real
estate investments. It seems very strange, however, that the listing for A.J.
Drexel Biddle, Jr. in the same volume of Who's Who does not mention
his marriage to Mary Duke, nor the birth of any children. Bullitt had married
Ernesta Drinker in 1916, but they divorced in 1923 without children. A lawyer
named William C. Bullitt, born in Bryn Mawr in 1946, is now a partner at
Philadelphia's Drinker, Biddle & Reath in the personal and
fiduciary law department, as well as being a board member for
Philadelphia County. He is not listed as the son of Ambassador Bullitt in the
1954 Who's Who. 19
Reed appears to have been a tool of the
"left wing" forces of the Syndicate. He went to Russia during the Bolshevik
revolution as a reporter for a magazine owned by Harry Payne Whitney, then a
director of Guaranty Trust. Harry's sister, Dorothy, married Thomas Lamont's
protégé, Willard Straight, who re-negotiated loans for J.P. Morgan & Co. at
Mukden in Russia and Manchuria the decade before the Russian revolution. The
Paynes were heirs of one of Rockefeller's partners in the Standard Oil trust.
Dorothy and Harry's brother, Payne Whitney and his wife Helen Hay, were the
parents of Joan Whitney Payson and John Hay "Jock" Whitney--a
graduate of Yale (Skull and Bones) and Oxford. Jock, an
investment banker and member of the syndicate we have described in earlier
parts of this series, was Ambassador to Great Britain from 1957 to 1961. It
is interesting as well to note that Lamont, while serving as a financial
expert at the Versailles negotiations in 1919 had met Lord Robert Cecil, whom
he later hosted in New York while Cecil and Philip Noel-Baker were promoting
the League of Nations; Lamont was a member of the League of Nations
Association and the Foreign Policy Association.
20
Bullitt was part of Col.
House's delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, serving as chief of the division of current
intelligence. He first visited
Russia in 1919 at the behest of Col. House, to whom he sent reports back, and,
after meeting with Lenin, he carried a proposal from the Bolsheviks to
Versailles, by which Lenin agreed to confine Soviet rule to central Russia and
to release claims to all outlying provinces.
When
Wilson allowed Lenin's proposal to lapse, Bullitt resigned from the foreign
service while denouncing the treaty. Sigmund Freud, who co-authored a
psychological biography of Wilson with Bullitt, considered this "the most
important single decision that he [Wilson] made in Paris."
21 Bullitt returned to a diplomatic
role when Roosevelt, secretly being advised by Col. House, made him special
assistant to Secretary of State Cordell Hull. He then served as the executive
officer of the American delegation at the London Monetary and Economic
Conference of 1933. In the fall of that year Bullitt was deeply involved in
the negotiation of the Roosevelt-Litvinov Agreements, which established
diplomatic ties between the United States and the Soviet Union. His
appointment as the first ambassador to Moscow was announced immediately after
the signing of the agreements.
He
left Moscow in 1936 and became Ambassador to France from 1936-41. From June
1942 to July 1943 Bullitt was a special assistant to the secretary of the
navy. In 1944 he joined the French army while retaining American citizenship,
and was
a
foreign correspondent for Life magazine to report on conditions in
Italy, which had just fallen to the Allied troops. Bullitt placed a great
importance on "the papacy as an institution and on the reigning pontiff." 22
In 1941 A.J. Drexel Biddle, Jr. was named
U.S. Ambassador to Belgium, Czechoslovakia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Greece, Luxembourg, and Yugoslavia, whose governments were in exile in
London. This extraordinary posting was termed at the time the biggest and in
some ways the most important diplomatic mission ever handled by a single
envoy. Biddle retired from the diplomatic corps in 1944 to resume active duty
in the Army as a Lt. Colonel, rising to the rank of Brigadier General in
1951. During those years he worked closely with General Eisenhower as deputy
chief of Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) and as a
representative to United States European Command (EUCOM) and Supreme
Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE).
23
The 1950s found Biddle serving as Adjutant General of the State of
Pennsylvania, on numerous Pennsylvania state boards and commissions, and as a
trustee at Temple University. In 1961 President John F. Kennedy chose Biddle
for his last diplomatic position, that of Ambassador to Spain, where he served
until his death. It is fascinating to note that between the years 1955 and
1968, the ambassadorship of Spain was held by a Lodge, a Forbes and two
Biddles. What could that signify? The Forbes and Lodge families, through
intermarriage with Cabots, long-standing trading partners with Spanish
merchants, had been global merchants for centuries, involved in trade in both
slaves and opium. (
Click.
Part 1)
Spain became a fascist haven, along with Argentina, for many Nazis fleeing
Germany at the close of World War II. The Nazis had been allied with
Catholics in Croatia, who turned to both the Swiss and to the Vatican to
assist them in rescuing gold and other treasures looted from murdered Jews.
24
Over several generations, the Drexel
family have become very close to the British royal family, with John R. Drexel
IV being currently the Chancellor of the American Society of the Most
Venerable Order of St. John--formerly known as the Grand Priory in the British
Realm of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem,
formed in 1831 by some French Knights of Malta, who intended to set up a
non-Catholic priory in England. This priory was designed along the lines of
the German Bailiwick of Brandenburg and of a short-lived Russian Orthodox
Grand Priory, which was in existence for a few years around 1800. The English
priory was incorporated by royal charter from Queen Victoria in 1888.
Chancellor Drexel, who was installed by the Grand Priory (Prince Richard, Duke
of Gloucester, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth), is married to Noreen Stonor
Drexel--from a fragment of English gentry and nobility
which stubbornly maintained its Catholic faith through severe persecution
during the Reformation. Their family's manor house located southeast of Oxford
secretly conducted Catholic worship despite the prohibition. Mrs.
Drexel's nephew is the seventh Baron Camoys (Ralph Stonor), the first Catholic
to serve as the Queen's chief of staff, or Lord Chamberlain, since the reign
of Henry VIII. 25
The Drexels are connected by marriage to the Astor
family which was instrumental in combining the American and British elites
into the Round Table group which administered the estates of Cecil Rhodes and
Albert Beit, mentioned in Part Three. William Waldorf Astor's wife was Mary
Dahlgren Paul from Philadelphia. The couple lived in Rome from 1882 to
1885 while Astor was US ambassador to Italy. Mary Paul Astor's brother
married her husband's sister. [Source: John D. Gates, The Astor Family:
A Unique Exploration of One of America's First Families (Doubleday,
1981), p. 103] Later generations of the Pauls reflect intermarriage with the
Delano family--whose members are intermarried with Astors and Roosevelts.
This reaffirms the fact that there was a strong link between London and
Philadelphia and that an alliance was created by these intermarried
drug-running families. 26
British Empire's Gold and
Opium Profits Invested by Barings, Propped Up by
N.M.
Rothschild, & Reinvested in Oil
Numerous authors have reported that John Jacob
Astor made his first fortune in the fur trade, then in shipping, "competing
with the Boston Brahmins for a lucrative slice of the infamous opium trade
with China." 27
Profits were invested in New York City
real estate. Astor's grandson, William Waldorf Astor left New York,
and with his fortune acquired the country estate known as Cliveden from the
Duke of Westminster. He gave this property to his son, Waldorf, upon his
marriage in 1906 to Nancy Langhorne from Virginia. The younger Astors became
hosts at Cliveden for private discussions among intimate friends who had
recently returned from the Union of South Africa, where they had been civil
servants on the staff of Lord Milner, governor-general of South Africa, during
1897-1905. Milner's staff were recruited from Oxford University and from the
experimental settlement house set up by his friends called Toynbee Hall in
London. Under Milner in South Africa, they were known as "Milner's
Kindergarten," and were committed to creating a federally united commonwealth
along the lines outlined in the trust created by Cecil Rhodes' will. Rhodes,
also a student at Oxford's Oriel College from 1873-81, was a devoted fan of
John Ruskin (an Oxford lecturer who talked about fine arts, the empire and
England's downtrodden masses--as moral issues), and with other disciples of
Ruskin formed a secret society in 1881.
Rhodes' biggest critic was M.P. Henry Labouchere,
mentioned above, who owned the newspaper
Truth, and whose parents
were Peter Caesar Labouchere and Dorothy Elizabeth Baring, making him the
cousin to the Philadelphia Binghams. Henry’s brother, John Peter Labouchere,
became a banker in a partnership formed in 1826 from an old established
private bank in London. After a merger with Glyn, Mills, this bank would
become Williams & Glyn’s Bank (1970-1985), later The Royal Bank of Scotland
(1985-86). The Royal Bank has had longstanding ties to the investment
entities that financed George Bush's early enterprises--Bush-Overbey and
Zapata. (
Click.)
The Laboucheres were French Huguenots, who had lived in Amsterdam
before settling in England. Their merchant father was a partner in the
wealthy Amsterdam banking firm of Hope & Company, which had connections to
the Scottish ancestor of the earls of Hopetoun, created marquesses of
Linlithgow. The seventh Earl, John Adrian Hope, was Lord Chamberlain to
Queen Victoria. In about
1800, difficulties with Napoleon had led Hopes of Amsterdam to remove their
base to London. Henry Labouchere became a strong critic at the end of the
century of Cecil Rhodes in South Africa at about the same time Barings Bank
was failing as a result of its overextension in Argentina and Uruguay.
John Labouchere took over his father's role as a banker with Hope &
Co. of Amsterdam, which by 1814 had been wholly merged into Barings
after first Baron Ashburton, a Bingham cousin, took an interest in it. He
later became a partner in the bank of Williams, Deacon, Thornton and
Labouchere, which was taken over by the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1929.
28
After the South American failure in 1890,
Rothschilds negotiated on Barings’ behalf a gold loan of 3 million pounds
sterling from the Bank of France against Treasury bills, and the Bank of
England obtained half that sum from Russia to ensure that the gold reserve
ratio would not be violated. In 1906 and 1907, again faced with financial
stringency, Barings once more obtained foreign assistance from the Bank of
France and, this time, from the German Reichsbank. In 1909 and 1910 the Bank
of France again discounted English bills, making gold available to
London. Although it was the end of Lord Revelstoke's career and the
partnership was wound up, the bank survived as Baring Brothers & Co. Ltd,
with a paid-up capital of 1 million [pounds sterling]. Since the individual
partners were responsible for all its debts, all the Baring family assets
had to be liquidated. Barings as bankers survived, but had lost their
nerve, resulting in a new demeanor which made Barings the perfect City of
London representative of the British establishment. John Baring, the second
Lord Revelstoke, soon took his place on the court of the Bank of England -
its board of non-executive directors - and became the closest financial
adviser to George V, a link between the bank and the monarchy that would
remain unbroken until Baring failed once again in 1995.
When the second Lord Revelstoke died in 1928, the
succession at the bank was divided between an outsider, a Canadian named
Edwin Peacock, and Edward Reid, a Revelstoke nephew. Caution by now had
become a way of life. Reid and Peacock were both knighted for their loyalty
to the City and to Barings. Ever since 1891, the bank's equity capital had
been held by a partnership of the bank's directors. When a director retired,
his share passed to his successor. But if a partner were to die suddenly in
office, his liability for death duties would mean a value had to be put on
the shares, and ruinous death duties might force the dead director's estate
to put his Barings shares on the market. Anyone might then buy them.
Cromer's solution was to give the directors voting shares that paid no
dividends, and to transfer 74 per cent of the equity to the Baring
Foundation, set up to carry out "good works". In 1986 the remaining 26 per
cent of the shares was also transferred to the foundation. 29
Empire Perpetuated by Rhodes Trust and Its
American
Sycophants--Set Up and Maintained in Philadelphia
The Astors' Cliveden
Estate would become the centre of a network of highly influential individuals,
all fired with the desire to do good in the world. 30
According to Elizabeth Langhorne, in Nancy
Astor and Her Friends (Praiger Publishers, 1974), Nancy Astor "felt a
religious element in the Round Table idea. The ideal animating federation was
the dream of brotherhood, of closer union between nations based on cooperation
rather than on coercion....For both Astors the Round Table opened new vistas,
new channels of action. For the first time Nancy found excitement in foreign
affairs." (p. 48). The author states that around 1909 the couple fell under
the "spell" of Philip Kerr, who would later become Lord Lothian, who had
himself "acquired a belief in federal union that virtually amounted to a
religion." Though Roman Catholic, Kerr later converted to Christian Science,
Nancy's religion, after her prayers for his healing during a deadly illness.
Another of Nancy's very close friends, with whom she corresponded for many
years, was T.E. Lawrence, better known as Lawrence of Arabia, who was
introduced to her by George Bernard Shaw, a frequent guest at Cliveden, who
also was a Fabian Socialist and member of the "Bloomsbury Set."
31
Lawrence may well
have been an agent secretly working for the Round Table Group, since he was so
close to many of its members. The Group may have had investments in the
consortium that would become Aramco and would have needed one or more
intelligence operatives to make sure the oil concession would be granted.
Another operative of the same group could have been Harry St. John Bridger
Philby (1885-1960), who went to the Middle East during World War One as a
member of the British Foreign Service and for 30 years was an adviser to King
Ibn Saud. Philby allegedly became disenchanted with the way Britain handled
the Arabs and resigned in 1930, became a Muslim, and took the name of Hajj
Abdullah.
Like Philip Kerr and Nancy Astor, Cecil Rhodes also
had an intense fervor about the British Empire, which he had first acquired at
Oxford, after hearing a speech by John Ruskin, which motivated him to become
wealthy in Africa and donate all his assets to his dream of re-establishing
the empire. Rhodes wrote several wills, but the one which took effect at his
death entrusted his estate to a board of trustees including the Earl of
Rosebery (son-in-law of Lord Rothschild), Earl Grey, Lord Milner and Sir
Leander Starr Jameson. Settled in 1907, the estate was valued at almost 3.5
million pounds. By 1924 the value had dropped to 2.276 million pounds, and at
that point the investment portfolio was placed with Baring Brothers, who
continued to administer the fund for many decades thereafter. By the end of
the 1995-96 financial year, the assets were valued at more than 145 million
pounds. Strangely, this is the year Barings Bank failed, allegedly because of
the actions of Nick Leeson, but no mention is made of what happened to the
trust fund. This information was obtained from a website maintained by The
Rhodes Trust, and the Indian Rhodes Scholarships Selection Committee.
32
Examining these trustees will give you an
eye-opening glimpse of today's British Empire. For example, the Rhodes
website mentions that the current trustees include:
(1) Lord Armstrong of Ilminster--a civil
servant all his life who happens to served as "non-executive director" on
boards of companies that are the epitome of the British Empire: N.M.
Rothschild & Sons Limited, the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company p.l.c.,
B.A.T. Industries p.l.c. and the RTZ Corporation PLC.
(2) Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover--heir
to the British grocery chain engaged mostly in overseeing funds set up to
endow "the arts," in 1993 he also co-founded with Lord Rothschild the
Butrint Foundation in the Balkan state of Albania. Could it just be a
coincidence that in 1993 Saudi Arabia happened to build a refugee camp for
Bosnian Muslims in Albania? Three years later the US Drug Enforcement
Agency (DEA) detailed the Balkan Route in its annual report. By 1998, the
DEA stated that Kosovo Albanians had become the second most important
traffickers on the Balkan Route. Is this a coincidence, or is this the way
the British Empire is really funded? 33
(3) Sir Richard Southwood--Professor
of Zoology at the University of Oxford and Chairman of the National
Radiological Protection Board; previously Chairman of the Royal Commission
[on] Environmental Pollution; Vice-Chancellor Designate of Oxford
University. Southwood is supposedly a world expert on animal infection who
headed the first Government inquiry into BSE in 1988, but who did not warn
of the threat to humans until 1996.
(4) Rt. Hon. William Waldegrave (now
Lord Waldegrave of North Hill)--has worked at Dresdner Kleinwort
Wasserstein, where he is a Managing Director in the Investment Banking
Division, since 1998. He is also a non-executive Director of Bank of Ireland
UK Holdings plc, Finsbury Life Sciences Investment Trust plc, Henry Sotheran
Ltd, and Waldegrave Farms Ltd. Chairman of the National Museum of Science
and Industry and Chairman elect of the Rhodes Trust; Chairman of the
Bristol Cathedral Trust; a Trustee of the Beit Memorial Fellowships for
Medical Research and a Council Member of the Institute of Contemporary
British History, University of London. He is Fellow of All Souls College,
Oxford.
(5) Dr. Colin Lucas--born in 1940 at
Cairo, Egypt, he did his undergraduate and postgraduate work at Lincoln
College, Oxford. He was a Fellow and Tutor in Modern History at Balliol
College, Oxford (1973-90) and Professor of History and then Dean of the
Division of the Social Sciences at the University of Chicago (1990-94). He
became Master of Balliol College in 1994 and is currently Vice-Chancellor of
the University of Oxford (1997-2004). He has also been a Visiting Professor
at the University of Lyon-II, Indiana University and Cornell University. His
field is history, specifically the French revolution, and his major interest
is terror--revolutionary and popular violence, the causes of revolution and
practices of democratic politics in situations of stress.
(6) Professor Robert O'Neill--"eminent
Australian strategic thinker" who is Chichele Professor of the History of
War at All Souls College, Oxford University. He was a member of the 1996
Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, along with
Professor Joseph Rotblat, the winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize for Peace,
Michel Rocard, the former Prime Minister of France, Robert McNamara, the
former United States Defense Secretary and President of the World Bank,
General George Butler, the former Commander of the United States Strategic
Air Command, Dr. Maj. Britt Theorin, former President of the International
Peace Bureau, Field Marshal the Lord Carver, the former Chief of the British
Defence Staff.
The information set out with reference to
the above trustees was gleaned from a cursory internet search, which anyone
can do. For that reason, no sources are shown. These men are idealists in
the mold of the original Round Table. The best source
about the Round Table is Professor Carroll Quigley, whose two books about the
group, THE ANGLO-AMERICAN ESTABLISHMENT and TRAGEDY AND HOPE
can still be found. The following is an excerpt from Tragedy and Hope:
The Round Table Groups were semi-secret
discussion and lobbying groups organized by Lionel Curtis, Philip H. Kerr
(Lord Lothian), and (Sir) William S. Marris in 1908-1911. This was done on
behalf of Lord Milner, the dominant Trustee of the Rhodes Trust in the two
decades 1905-1925. The leaders of this group were: Milner, until his death
in 1915, followed by Curtis (1872-1955), Robert H. (Lord) Brand --
brother-in-law of Lady Astor -- until his death in 1963, and Adam D. Marris,
son of Sir William and Brand's successor as managing director of Lazard
Brothers bank. The original intention had been to have collegial leadership,
but Milner was too secretive and headstrong to share the role. After
Milner's death in 1925, the leadership was largely shared by the survivors
of Milner's 'Kindergarten', that is, the group of young Oxford men whom he
used as civil servants in his reconstruction of South Africa in 1901-1910.
The original purpose of these groups was to seek to federate the
English-speaking world along lines laid down by Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) and
William T. Stead, (1840-1912), and the money for the organizational work
came originally from the Rhodes Trust.
Money for
the widely ramified activities of this organization came originally from the
associates and followers of Cecil Rhodes, chiefly from the Rhodes Trust
itself, and from wealthy associates such as the Beit brothers, from Sir Abe
Bailey, and (after 1915) from the Astor family.
Since
1925 there have been substantial contributions from wealthy individuals and
from foundations and firms associated with the international banking
fraternity, especially the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust,
and other organizations associated with J.P. Morgan, the Rockefeller and
Whitney families, and the associates of Lazard Brothers and of Morgan,
Grenfell, and Company.
The chief backbone of
this organization grew up along the already existing financial cooperation
running from the Morgan Bank in New York to a group of international
financiers in London led by Lazard Brothers. Milner himself in 1901 had
refused an offer, worth up to 100,000 a year, to become one of the three
partners of the Morgan Bank in London, in succession to the younger J.P.
Morgan who moved from London to join his father in New York (eventually the
vacancy went to E.C. Grenfell, so that the London affiliate of Morgan became
known as Morgan, Grenfell, and Company). "
Instead, Milner became director of a number of public banks, chiefly the
London Joint Stock Bank [which was the London agent for currency boards in the
British colonies and for chartered companies like the British East India
Company. This London bank also acted for many years, after 1877, as a lender,
as well as London disbursement agent for the Pennsylvania Railroad, though the
railroad hired a general agent to live in London to deal with shareholders
there. The bank subsequently merged with Midland Bank and more recently with
the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank--both of which have long been involved in
laundering of opium profits. 34 ]
He
became one of the greatest political and financial powers in England, with his
disciples strategically placed throughout England in significant places, such
as the editorship of The Times, the editorship of The Observer,
the managing directorship of Lazard Brothers, various administrative posts,
and even Cabinet positions.
At the end of the
war of 1914, it became clear that the organization of this system had to be
greatly extended. Once again the task was entrusted to Lionel Curtis who
established, in England and each dominion, a front organization to the
existing local Round Table Group.
This front organization,
called the Royal Institute of International Affairs, had as its nucleus in
each area the existing submerged Round Table Group. In New York it was known
as the Council on Foreign Relations and was a front for J.P. Morgan and
Company in association with the very small American Round Table Group. The
American organizers were dominated by the large number of Morgan "experts",
including Thomas Lamont and Louis Beer, who had gone to the Paris Peace
Conference and there became close friends with the similar group of English
"experts" which had been recruited by the Milner group.
In fact,
the original plans for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the
Council on Foreign Relations were drawn up at Paris. Closely allied with this
Morgan influence were a small group of Wall Street law firms, whose chief
figures were Elihu Root, John W. Davis, Paul D. Cravath, Russell Leffingwell,
the Dulles brothers and, more recently, Arthur H. Dean, Philip D. Reed, and
John J. McCloy. Other non-legal agents of Morgan included men like Owen D.
Young and Norman H. Davis. In England the center was the Round Table Group,
while in the United States it was J.P. Morgan and Company or its local
branches in Boston, Philadelphia, and Cleveland....
One of the
most interesting members of this Anglo-American power structure was Jerome
D. Greene (1874-1959). Born in Japan of missionary parents, Greene
graduated from Harvard's college and law school by 1899 and became secretary
to Harvard's president and to Harvard Corporation in 1901-1910. This gave
him contacts with Wall Street which made him general manager of the
Rockefeller Institute (1910-1912), assistant to John D. Rockefeller in
philanthropic work for two years, then trustee to the Rockefeller Institute,
to the Rockefeller Foundation, and to the Rockefeller General Education
Board until 1939. For fifteen years (1917-1932) he was with the Boston
investment banking firm of Lee, Higginson, and Company [a Harvard-connected
money-laundering bank involved in the China opium trade], most of the period
as its chief officer, as well as with its London branch. As executive
secretary of the American section of the Allied Maritime Transport Council,
stationed in London in 1918, he lived in Toynbee Hall, the world's first
settlement house, which had been founded by Alfred Milner and his friends in
1884. 35
Wolves in
Sheep's Wool
The problem
with idealistic do-gooders is that "feeling" good and "appearing" good are often
more important to them than actually "being" good. Were that not true, such
people would have difficulty rationalizing the fact that the money they are
using to do good works comes from tainted sources. Whether they never question
the source of the funds they administer, or whether they know and yet tell
themselves the end justifies the means, it makes no real difference. The fact
remains that they cover up the truth about how money works in the world, and
they do so to allow themselves to believe that, by using the money, they have a
part in bringing about peace and justice and in helping the "ignorant masses of
humanity" to have a better life. It is the utmost in arrogance and conceit. It
perpetuates the most abominable evil--what M. Scott Peck labels "People of the
Lie". 36
By all appearances, the
intentions of the bureaucrats and administrators who
work for the one-worlders are good. They claim to believe in world peace, the
ability to negotiate and arbitrate international disputes, and they espouse a
belief in education and medical research to improve the station of all
mankind. However, the original designers of the system, even before Milner set
up his kindergarten in South Africa, were in Venice where John Ruskin spent so
much time. By the 13th Century, Venice was governed by an oligarchy, controlled
by wealthy families who had made treaties with the Saracens, thus forming a link
between the east and Europe and becoming the greatest commercial center for
trade and banking until 1797 when the Republic of Venice was conquered by
Napoleon Bonaparte and became part of the Hapsburg Empire until Italy was united
by Garibaldi. But through it all, the wealthy families remained,
and Ruskin was their disciple.
With all the funds placed at their
disposal, the Rhodes trustees made many mistakes for which they took no
responsibility. They guided the Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles
Treaty of 1919 , which required Germany to pay impossible reparations
for damages caused to Europe. By punishing Germany financially, conditions were
created which led to the rise of Hitler, who was funded by the same network. The
treaty also increased tension in the Middle East by the manner in which it
partitioned the Ottoman Empire, which was dismantled because of Turkey's
alliance with Germany during the war. The announcement of the Balfour
Declaration was made to Lord Rothschild in 1917 as a "declaration of sympathy
with Jewish Zionist aspirations" and a statement that the British Government
would endeavor to "facilitate" the achievement of this object. Arthur James
Balfour, who signed the declaration, was not only an active member of the Round
Table Group, he was the nephew of British statesman Lord Robert Cecil, and
succeeded Cecil as Prime Minister in 1902. British Foreign Minister during
World War I, he was a member of the British delegation at the signing of the
Treaty. According to Professor Carroll Quigley, the "Cecil Bloc" was a nexus
of political and social power formed by Lord Salisbury and extending from the
great sphere of politics into the fields of education and publicity." The Cecil
family was allied by marriage with many other powerful British titles, such as
Viscounts Cobham, Barons Leconfield, Dukes of Westminster, Earls Selborne and
Viscounts Wolmer, Dukes of Devonshire and Marquesses of Hartington, and Earls of
Cranbrook. According to Quigley, the Cecil influence has been "all-pervasive in
British life since 1886." 37
But the Cecils were influential long before 1886. In 1874 Salisbury was
Benjamin Disraeli's Secretary for India and became Foreign Secretary four years
later. The British Crown Government had taken over the role of the East India
Company when its charter dissolved in 1858, so it would appear Salisbury's
duties would have included the overseeing of the opium traffic there. We can
only wonder whether a significant part of the plan of the "Cecil Bloc," and the
Milner Group bureaucracy which stemmed from it, may have been a brilliant scheme
devised to launder the profits coming from the opium trade through South
Africa's mines (sort of like Ollie North's "neat idea" of diverting Iranian arms
sales proceeds to the Contras).
Their "Peace Plan" Leads to War
The staff on the British team at the Paris Peace
Conference included Lord Lothian (Philip Kerr, 1882-1940), Private Secretary
to Prime Minister Lloyd George from 1917 to 1921, and in 1939 British
ambassador in Washington where he secured American assistance for the British
prior to U.S. entry in World War II; Sir Maurice Hankey, secretary to the
Cabinet and also to the British Empire Delegation; and T.E. Lawrence,
mentioned earlier, who argued on behalf of Arab independence. Jan Smuts, a
member of the South African parliament in 1907, who served two terms as Prime
Minister (1919-24 and 1939-48) and Chancellor of Cambridge
University (1948-50), also played an important role. They worked tirelessly
to promote adoption of the League of Nations. The American team, called "the
Inquiry," was headed by Colonel E.M. House and included James Thomson Shotwell,
Canadian-born history professor at Columbia, who served as director of the
division of economics and history (1942–49) and president (1949–50) of the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and served as chairman (1932–43) of
the American committee on International Intellectual Cooperation of the League
of Nations. Other members of the group were Frank Aydetlotte, George Louis
Beer, Whitney Shepardson, Thomas W. Lamont, Jerome D. Green, Erwin D. Canham,
Walter Lippmann and Isaiah Bowman. 38
Whose Money Is It Anyway?
During this era, another director of the Rhodes
trust, as well as a director of the Bank of England, was Sir Edward Peacock, a
Canadian, who had headed Dominion Securities--one of the companies mentioned
in Part Two-B of this series as being involved in the Syndicate with Minor
Cooper Keith of the Empire Trust, and with the Boston Brahmin opium families
who funded Harvard. Peacock became a partner in Barings Bank, which
necessitated his resigning from the Bank of England because two principals of
the same financial house could not be on the board. When Barings' Lord
Revelstoke died in 1929, Peacock returned to the board of the Bank of England.
In the meantime, he had become the European director of the Canadian Pacific
Railway and a bit later a director of the Hudson's Bay Company, both of which
are intertwined with London banks. The railroad which spanned Canada was
viewed as a quicker route to the East Indies, and which was actually a means
of access to opium sources and for distribution, which proceeds laundered
through Canada's banking system. 39 Peacock
also served as Receiver General to the Duchy of Cornwall, which means that he
oversaw the finances of the royal family, particularly the heir apparent. It
was for those services that he was knighted in 1934. During World War II,
Peacock served in Washington as liaison between the Bank of England and the
U.S. government. The Queen honored him with an LLD in 1949. Viscount
Monckton, the legal adviser of the Duchy, and Sir Edward controlled the
financial and legal arrangements for the Abdication of King Edward VIII when
he chose to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson. 40
In 1940, after the Duke and Duchess of Windsor (as
mentioned in Part Four) had fled the Nazi invasion of Paris and settled in The
Bahamas, they obtained permission to meet in Miami with Peacock to privately
discuss "financial matters." At that time Peacock was head of British
Purchasing Commission, which was under surveillance of both British and
American intelligence, as the Bank of England had three directors who were
partners in the Bank for International Settlements in Basle, Switzerland--the
board of which included Walter Funk, president of the Reichbank. Peacock was
also involved in financing electric and railway companies in Brazil and
Mexico. These Brazilian companies would later become part of the Brascan
empire, later controlled by same Bronfmans involved in Trizec. Brascan has
been historically very closely connected to British intelligence and to
the Round Table offshoots.
41
From Cutthroat Competition
to Charity to World Government
Professor Quigley states that the Rhodes Trust
controlled huge amounts of capital which the trustees had the obligation to
invest for the purposes set out in the Rhodes Will, including "the extension
of British rule throughout the world ...[and] the ultimate recovery of the
United States of America as an integral part of a British Empire."
Such purposes required the utmost secrecy. Investments would have been made
through secret nominees with the aim of acquiring control of the most
strategic facets of American resources. It is also likely that loans were
made to finance new business, especially in the United States, on the
condition that the borrower would agree to set up a charitable foundation upon
his death or retirement. The assets of the foundation would then be placed in
the hands of trustees approved by the Rhodes group, who would administer the
trust in accordance with the goals set out by Rhodes in his Will. Rhodes
wrote his first Will in 1877, so we know his goal was already in the working
stages by those at Oxford who motivated him at the time. The ultimate
trustees were also close to Oxford, having been ingrained with the same
devotion to the perpetuation of the Empire, through chartered companies like
Rhodes' British South Africa Company and like Hudson's Bay Company (see
footnote 36), which returned a high percentage of profit to the British
Government.
They already had their eye on the oil that had been
discovered in Pennsylvania in 1859. According to Eustace Mullins, the
Rothschilds banks, which controlled 95% of American railroads through their
agents, sent Jacob Schiff of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. to John D. Rockefeller, who had
ruthlessly acquired control of 95% of American oil refineries. They worked
out an elaborate rebate deal for Rockefeller, through a dummy corporation,
South Improvement Company. These rebates ensured that no other oil company
could survive in competition with the Rockefeller firm.
42
As it turns out, South Improvement Co. was a
holding company scheme designed in 1871 by Pennsylvania Railroad magnate,
Thomas A. Scott. South Improvement Company was a secret alliance between the
railroads and a select group of large refiners aimed at stopping "destructive"
price-cutting and restoring freight charges to a profitable level. According
to the pact, the railroads would raise their rates, but would agree to pay
rebates to Rockefeller and other large refiners, thus securing their steady
business. In addition, the latter were to receive the proceeds of the
"drawbacks" levied on nonmembers, who as a result would end up paying much
higher prices for their shipments of oil. In April of 1872, the South
Improvement Company's charter was repealed by the Pennsylvania legislature
before it had even conducted a single transaction. Eager to consolidate the
refining industry, Rockefeller set out to eliminate what he called "ruinous"
competition from his most immediate rivals. In less than six weeks, between
February and March of 1872, he used the threat of the big new alliance and a
sophisticated range of tactics to buy up 22 of his 26 Cleveland competitors.
43
Scott was first-vice-president of the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company in 1860, and served as president from 1874 until
1880. Scott's allies pushed through the Pennsylvania state legislature a
series of bills creating the nation's first pure holding companies--two of
which were the Pennsylvania Company and the Southern Railway Security
Company. The Southern Railway Security Company held the stock of the southern
feeder route for the Pennsylvania that Scott envisioned, to stretch from
Washington, D.C. to the Mississippi River. The company had been purchased from
James Roosevelt (FDR's father) in 1873--just seven years before Roosevelt
married into the Delano family of "former" opium traders.
Carnegie
Scott's assistant until 1865 was Andrew Carnegie,
who left the Pennsylvania Railroad to start his own company, but who kept his
ties to the railroad. In 1875 Carnegie founded his first steel plant, the
Edgar Thomson Works, in Braddock, Pennsylvania. The plant was named for the
president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which was his first customer; he made
2000 steel rails for the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1901 Carnegie sold his
entire company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million, allowing Morgan to create US
Steel. Morgan would have been acting in this transaction as an agent, but we
do not know whose money he used for the purchase. With his proceeds from the
sale Carnegie established the Carnegie Institution to provide research for
American colleges and universities.
The first president of the institution was Daniel
Coit Gilman, trained at Norwich Academy, who had entered Yale in 1848, forming
an intimate friendship with his fellow student, Andrew Dickson White. In
1852, Gilman studied for a few months at Harvard College, living in the home
of Prof. Arnold Guyot, a Swiss national educated in Berlin. Gilman and White
sailed the following year to Europe as attachés of the American legation at
St. Petersburg, Russia; he also spent the winter of 1855 in Germany. For the
next seventeen years, his life revolved around Yale. According to Antony
Sutton, Gilman's first task in 1856 was to incorporate Skull & Bones as
a legal entity under the name of The Russell Trust. Gilman became Treasurer
and William H. Russell, the co-founder, became President. William H. Russell
received permission to form a chapter of the German secret society, while he
was studying for a year in Germany. Russell and Alphonso Taft, the father of
president Taft, set up the chapter in 1832. 44 Gilman
became president of the University of California in 1872, then of Johns
Hopkins in Baltimore in 1875, but soon received a shock when the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad suspended dividends on the common stock, which formed the bulk
of the endowment. Gilman remained in Baltimore until the 1890s. It is
interesting to note that the B&O was largely financed initially by Barings
Bank, which issued 6% bonds worth 1 million pounds sterling before 1880. The
B&O also sold 2 million pounds of its securities through J.S. Morgan's London
office and almost that many more at a reduced price a few years later--still
before 1880. Most of the B&O creditors, therefore, were British, and they
demanded that the interest on the bonds be guaranteed by Barings and Morgan.
45
A partial list of notable trustees of the Carnegie
Institute reveals men with backgrounds in education, banking and
diplomacy--closely connected to Harvard, Yale and the opium trade:
Robert O. Anderson,
1976–1983; Robert S. Brookings, 1910–1929; Vannevar Bush, 1958–1971; Frederic
A. Delano, 1927–1949; Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903–1923; Simon Flexner, 1910–1914;
W. Cameron Forbes, 1920–1955; James Forrestal, 1948–1949; Hanna H. Gray,
1974–1978; Henry L. Higginson, 1902–1919; Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902–1909;
Herbert Hoover, 1920–1949; Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914–1924; Alfred L. Loomis,
1934–1973; Robert A. Lovett, 1948–1971; Seth Low, 1902–1916; Andrew W. Mellon,
1924–1937; William W. Morrow, 1902–1929; Walter H. Page, 1971–1979; James
Parmelee, 1917–1931; William Barclay Parsons, 1907–1932; John J. Pershing,
1930–1943; David Rockefeller, 1952–1956; Elihu Root, 1902–1937; Elihu Root,
Jr., 1937–1967; William H. Taft, 1906–1915; William S. Thayer, 1929–1932; Juan
T. Trippe, 1944–1981; Andrew D. White,
1902–1916.
In 1905 the Carnegie Teachers' Pension Fund was
established with a $10,000,000 endowment from Carnegie. In 1910 he created
the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and the following year he put
all his remaining fortune into the Carnegie Corporation. In 1913 the Peace
Palace, financed by Carnegie, opened in the Hague. During the interwar period,
the Endowment revitalized efforts to promote international conciliation,
financed reconstruction projects in Europe, supported the work of other
organizations, and founded the Academy of International Law at The Hague.
46
Original Trustees of Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace (1910)*
Robert Somers Brookings
(22 Jan 1850-15 Nov 1932) (1910-1932). Toured Europe (1880). President,
Corporation of Washington University (1897-1928). Partner, Cupples and
Mastron (St. Louis). Organized St. Louis World's Fair (1904). Chairman,
Price Fixing Committee, War Industries Board. Accompanied Carnegie on peace
visit to the Kaiser prior to WWI. Consultant to Commission on Economy and
Efficiency (Taft Administration). Founder and VC, Institute for Government
Research (3-25-1916). Began Institute of Economics (6-1922) (got $1.65
million from the Carnegie Corporation). Incorporated Robert S. Brookings
School of Economics and Government (1924). Eponym of Brookings Institution
(consolidated in 1927). Chairman, Brookings Institution (7-1-1928). Timber
and Mining interests. Married Isabel Valle (1927). She pledged $350,000 for
Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government (1924).
Thomas Burke
(1910-1925)
Nicholas Murray Butler
(2 Apr 1862-7 Dec 1947) (1910- ) Student in Berlin and Paris. Doctoral
thesis was "The History of Logical Doctrine." J.P. Morgan mouthpiece in
academic world. Head of American branch of Association for International
Conciliation (1906) (parent was located in Paris). President, Columbia
University (1902-1945). Republican VP candidate (1912). President, CEIP
(1925-1945). Director, New York Life Ins. Co. (1929-1939). Nobel Prize in
Peace (1931) with Jane Addams (for Kellogg-Briand Pact). Trustee, The
Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teach (3-10-1906). Married Susanna
Edwards Schuyler (7 Feb 1877) (daughter of Jacob Rutzan Schuyler). Daughter:
Sarah Schuyler Butler.
John L. Cadwalder
(1910-1914) Lawyer. A founder of the Metropolitan Club (2-20-1891);
Governor. Member, Union Club.
Joseph A. Choate
(1910-1917)
Cleveland Hoadley Dodge
(26 Jan 1860-24 Jun 1926) (M$T1912) (1) (1910-1919) Original Trustee,
Russell Sage Foundation (4-11-1907). Wilson intimate. Original Trustee,
Institute for Government Research (IGR) (late 1915). VP, Phelps Dodge
Corporation. NY 2001 Society. National City Company (1st securities
affiliate) (illegal according to A.G. opinion suppressed by President Taft).
Owned 2,500 shares of National City Bank of New York (1-22-1913); Director
(1917-1918 Period). Winchester Arms Co., Union Metallic Cartridges,
Remington Arms Co., Atlantic Mutual Ins. Co., National City Bank and Kuhn
Loeb & Co. married Grace Parish (11 Oct 1883).
Charles William Eliot
(1910-1919) -- Educated in Germany. Original Trustee, Institute for
Government Research (IGR) (late 1915). 21st President Emeritus, Harvard
University (1869-1909). Incorporator, Rockefeller Foundation (1913); Trustee
(1914-1917). Member of the Lyman family (like Henry Pratt Johnson). Married
Ellen Peabody. Nephew of George Ticknor.
Arthur William Foster
(1910-1925)
John Watson Foster
(1910-1917) -- Father of the mother of the Dulles Brothers. University of
Indiana (B.A. 1855), where he developed the anti-slavery convictions
implanted by his father; Harvard Law School; law practice in Cincinnati and
Evansville, Indiana. In 1872, he served as chairman of the Republican state
committee, working toward re-election of Oliver P. Morton to the United
States Senate and of Gen. Grant to the presidency. Appointed by Grant as
minister to Mexico. Transferred in 1880 to St. Petersburg, Russia, where he
pled for leniency in the treatment of American Jews. Minister to Spain,
1883. Secretary of State (1892-1893). Served after the Chino-Japanese War,
December 1894, at the request of the Chinese foreign office with the Chinese
commissioners in the negotiation of peace with Japan. In 1907, represented
China at the Second Hague Conference.
Austen George Fox
(1910-1937) -- Officer of the "Brandeis" Celebration of June 25, 1895,
Harvard University School of Law.
Robert A. Franks
(1910-1935) Trustee, The Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching
(3-10-1906).
William M. Howard
(1910-1930), of Georgia, father of W.M. Howard, Jr. who was a graduate of
Morehouse College and a mentor to Martin Luther King, Jr. Howard,
Jr. received his master of divinity degree in 1972 from Princeton
Theological Seminary in Princeton, New Jersey and became the executive
director of the African American Council for the Reformed Church in America.
He was moderator of the Third World Peoples Conference on Development, and
served as Chair, Commission on Justice, Liberation and Human Fulfillment
from 1974 to 1978. He was active in the World Council of Churches, founded
in the Netherlands in 1948 as an international fellowship of more than 330
churches, denominations, and fellowships in 100 countries and territories
throughout the world with about 400 million Christians as members. It was
formed to serve and advance the ecumenical movement. (John Foster Dulles was
involved in the Federal Council of Churches, which in 1947 adopted the
following resolution: "We believe that the ultimate goal for World
Organization should be Federal World Government. The success of the United
Nations is an important step toward this end." (Click.)
Samuel Mather
(1910-1919) Son of Samuel Livingston Mather (Co-Founder of Pickands Mather).
Lawyer. Founder of the Cleveland Iron Mining Co. and Iron Cliffs Mining Co.
(became the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Mining Co.). Trustee, Brookings Institute
(7-1-1928). Original Trustee, Institute for Government Research (IGR) (late
1915). Original Trustee, Institute of Economics (4-21-1922). Married Flora
Amelia Stone, youngest daughter of Amasa Stone and only sister of Mrs. John
Hay. Member of the National
Council of the Episcopal Church.
Andrew J. Montague
(1910-1937), Virginia politician
George Walbridge Perkins
(31 Jan 1862-18 Jun 1920) (MIT 1912)(1910-1920) U.S. Financier. Clerk, New
York Life Insurance Co.; Chairman of the Finance Committee (1898); VP
(1903). Chairman, National Executive Committee, Progressive Party.
Partner, J.P. Morgan (1900) (also Drexel, Morgan & Co. of
Philadelphia and Morgan, Harjes & Co. of Paris) (resigned 1910). Owned
1,240 shares in Bankers Trust Co. Director and member of the finance
committee, U.S. Steel Corp. Director: International Harvester Corporation,
German-American Insurance Co. and German Alliance Insurance Co., New York
Trust Co., etc. Married Evelina Ball (daughter of Flamen Ball). Children:
George Walbridge Perkins, Jr. (1895-1960) (U.S. Ambassador to NATO,
1955-1957) and Dorothy Perkins.
Henry S. Pritchett
(1910-1939) Suggested idea to Andrew Carnegie that he support a free,
noncontributory pension fund for college faculty (1904). Trustee, The
Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching (3-10-1906); President
(1905-1929). Approved $1.65 million grant to found the Institute of
Economics. President, M.I.T. (1904). Manager, Franklin Fund of Boston
(1904). Director, American International Corporation,
(1917-1918 Period ?). President, Carnegie Corporation of New York
(1921-1923).
Elihu Root (15 Feb
1845-7 Feb 1937) (CFR21) (1910-1937) -- Lawyer/Diplomat/Politician. Member,
Metropolitan Club. U.S. District Attorney for Southern District NYC
(1883-1885). Secretary of War (1899-1904). Hired Henry Lewis Stimson (S&B)
out of law school. Secretary of State (1905-1909). Legal adviser to Theodore
Roosevelt. Senator from New York (1909- 1915). Gentlemen's Agreement with
Japan (1908). President, CEIP (1910-1925). President, American Bar
Association (1915-1916). Honorary President, Council on Foreign Relations
(1921- ). Nobel Peace Prize (1912). Leader in movement for world peace.
Trustee, Institute for Government Research (IGR). NY Social Register.
Century Association. Honorary President, American law institute (1923-1937).
Son: Elihu Root, Jr. (Director: AT&T and Mutual Life Insurance Co.
12-16-1928-1939).
Jacob G. Schmidlapp
(1910-1919), former president of the Fifth Third Bank of Cincinnati, who set
up a family foundation in 1907.
James Brown Scott
(1910- ), born in Ontario, Canada. In 1876 the family settled in
Philadelphia, graduate of Central High School (1887). Harvard, 1890.
After studying international law at Harvard and at the universities of
Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris, he earned the degree of Doctor of Civil and
Canon Laws from Heidelberg in 1894. Organized Los Angeles Law School 1896
(later incorporated into the University of Southern California. University
of Illinois College of Law, dean, 1899-1903. Professor of law, Columbia
University, 1903. 1st President, American Society for the Judicial
Settlement of International Disputes (1906). Scott accompanied the American
delegation to the Second Hague Peace Conference and subsequently prepared a
massive two-volume text and documents, The Hague Peace Conferences of
1899 and 1907 (1909). He also participated in discussions which resulted
in the formation in 1906 of the American Society of International Law, of
which Elihu Root was the first president. Dedicated to the idea of an
international legal system, Scott devoted considerable energy to the
society, serving as its secretary (1906-24). He and Root were also
associated in the establishment of the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace in 1910. Scott resigned his State Department post in March 1911 to
become the Endowment's permanent secretary and the director of its Division
of International Law, positions he held until 1940. Paris Peace Conference
of 1919, the Washington Conference of 1921-22, and the Sixth Pan-American
Conference in 1928. Scott's special ideal, however, was an international
court of justice. Adviser at The Hague in 1920 where a committee of jurists
drafted plans for the Permanent Court of International Justice. Member,
Union Club.
James
L. Slayden (1910-1924) U.S. Representative (San Antonio, Texas).
Called for a world court.
Albert K. Smiley
(1910-1912)--Haverford College, 1849; remained at Haverford as instructor in
English and mathematics until 1853; established an English and classical
academy in Philadelphia. In 1860 he went to Friends' School in Providence,
R. I., and as teacher and principal remained until 1879. In 1879 appointed
to the Board of Indian Commissioners by President Hayes. In 1889 appointed
by the Secretary of the Interior to serve as chairman of a commission
delegated to select reservations for the Mission Indians of California. He
served as a trustee of Brown University, Bryn Mawr College, and Pomona
College, and at the time of his death was president of the board of trustees
of the New York State Normal School at New Paltz.
Oscar S. Straus
(CFR21) (1910-1926), born in Otterberg, Rhenish Bavaria, the third son of
Lazarus and Sara (Straus) Straus, whose other two sons, Isidor and Nathan,
were merchants (R.H. Macy & Co.). Columbia Law School, 1873. Minister to
Turkey, 1887-89. Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague
(1902), reappointed in 1908, 1912, and 1920. Secretary of commerce and
labor, T. Roosevelt. First American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire,
(1909) appointed by William Howard Taft. Member of the League to Enforce
Peace. American Jewish Committee, Jewish Welfare Board, and Joint
Distribution Committee. Founder (1892) and first president of the American
Jewish Historical Society. First
President, New York Peace Society.
Charles L. Taylor
(1910-1922), 1876 graduate of Lehigh University, chemist for Cambria and
Homestead; Trustee, Lehigh University of Bethlehem, Pa.; President,
1904-1922, Carnegie Hero Fund Commission.
Charlemagne Tower
(1910-1923), diplomat, born at Philadelphia, Pa. Phillips Exeter Academy;
graduated from Harvard College in 1872, four years in travel and study in
Europe and the Near East. Admitted to the bar, 1878, and practiced in
Philadelphia until 1882. President in his father's Vermilion Range iron ore
fields in Minnesota, director, Minnesota Iron Company, financed by his
father. Sold family interests in 1887, returned to Philadelphia, active in
coal mining and finance until 1891. Vice-president of the department of
archaeology and paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania and as
trustee, 1896-99. Appointed minister to Austria-Hungary, 1897. Ambassador
to Russia, 1899-1902. American ambassador to Berlin, 1902-08.
Andrew Dickson White
(7 Nov 1832-4 Nov 1918) (S&B 1854) (1910-1918) -- Son of railroad
millionaire. Educator. Educated in Hegelian philosophy at U. of Berlin.
Professor of History and English Literature, University of Michigan
(1857-1866). Early Member, Society for Psychic Research (Venetian-trained
Theological Expert). 1st President, Cornell University (1866-1885). Gave
Cornell $300,000 to set up School of Government. Professor of history,
Cornell University (1855-1885). Advised Hoover on establishing the Hoover
Institution. Founder, Carnegie Institution of Washington. U.S. Minister to
Germany (1879-1881) (1897-1902). U.S. Minister to Russia (1892-1894)
(intimate of Russian aristocracy). Founder and 1st President, American
Historical Association. Regent, Smithsonian Institution. Episcopalian.
Helped establish Russell Trust at Yale (1856).
John Sharp Williams
(1910-1922), representative and senator from
Mississippi; U.S. Senator 1911-23. He was in close agreement with
President Wilson in respect to the entrance of the United States into the
World War and its vigorous prosecution, and he also strove to secure the
entrance of the United States into the League of Nations.
Robert S. Woodward
(d. 1985) (1910-1924), University of Michigan,1872. United States Lake
Survey of Great Lakes, 1972-82; federal commission to observe the transit of
Venus, 1882-84. Professor of mechanics and mathematical physics at Columbia
University; dean of its College of Pure Science. Original Trustee, Institute
for Government Research (IGR) (late 1915). President, Carnegie Institution
of Washington.
Luke E. Wright
(1910-1918), In 1900 McKinley appointed him a member of the second
Philippine commission. In 1901 he became vice-governor of the Philippines,
and a little later, in 1904, governor, succeeding William H. Taft. On Feb.
6, 1905, his title was changed to governor-general. Appointed by Roosevelt
as first U.S. ambassador to Japan, 1905
*The Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace was founded on December 14, 1910 by transferring $10
million in bonds to the 28 trustees. Source: Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, Summary of Organization and Work 1911-1941 v, ix-x
(1941).
[List researched by Eric Samuelson;
http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/ceip.htm and
http://watch.pair.com/inquiry.html]. See also
http://carnegieinstitution.org/YearbookPDF/Contents.pdf
Rockefeller
In 1881 Standard Oil hired a Pennsylvania lawyer
named Samuel C. T. Dodd as its general counsel. Dodd had been born in
Franklin, Pa. and began practicing law there the same year oil was
discovered in Titusville. In the 1870s he represented clients against the
Rockefeller interests, and he acquired considerable reputation as an
anti-rebate lawyer. In 1872-73 he served as a delegate to the Pennsylvania
constitutional convention, where he fathered the anti-rebate clause which that
body wrote into the new constitution. During this period he served as counsel
for numerous oil operators and transportation companies, especially the
transportation companies from which the United Pipe Lines were later formed.
He is sometimes called the inventor of the trust as a form of business
combination. There had been a less comprehensive Standard Oil trust agreement
in 1879, but state laws did not then afford a way for corporations to
combine. Dodd was seeking a means of creating a "corporation of
corporations." Under the trust agreement which he drew up, the voting stocks
of some forty companies were placed in the hands of nine trustees. Every
stockholder received 20 Trust certificates for each share of Standard Oil
stock. All profits of component companies were sent to the board to determine
the dividends. The Trustees elected directors and officers of all the
component companies.
The trust agreement was kept secret for six years.
In 1892 the Supreme Court of Ohio decided that it was an illegal combination
in restraint of trade and also that the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, one of
the component companies, had exceeded its lawful corporate powers in entering
the agreement. Accordingly, in March of that year Dodd presented the
resolutions for the dissolution of the trust. This dissolution did not
materially alter the actual conditions of the business. For six years the now
dissociated corporations conducted business under a "gentlemen's agreement,"
and under Dodd's legal oversight. In 1899 he drew up the plans for the
organization of the holding company, the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.
He continued as legal adviser until 1905 when he retired.
John D. Rockefeller's charitable donations were
first guided in 1891 by the Rev. Frederick T. Gates , who took control of
Rockefeller's stock portfolio of about 20 corporations. Gates either obtained
control of each company or disposed of its stock, leaving him with 13
corporations, with Gates as president of each. One of the companies owned the
Mesabi ore deposits in Minnesota. When Gates gained control, Rockefeller
owned 60% of all U.S. iron. Then he leased the properties to Carnegie in 1896
on the condition that the mined ore would be transported on Rockefeller's
railroads or ships in the Great Lakes. Five years later, Carnegie sold out to
Morgan, who quickly bought the ore-carriers and Mesabi ore from Rockefeller,
uniting it all into U.S. Steel. With the money they got from Morgan, both men
created foundations. As we have seen in previous segments, the Morgan bank
acted as a front for undisclosed investors. Prof. Quigley asserted that from
the 1880s to the 1930s J.P. Morgan & Co. completely dominated international
financial capitalism--the gold standard, foreign-exchange fluctuations,
floating of fixed-interest securities and industrial shares for stock-exchange
markets--and that it was "Anglophile, internationalist, Ivy League, eastern
seaboard, high Episcopalian, and European-culture conscious." (p. 937,
Tragedy and Hope). Quigley theorized that the Ivy League connection was
based on the universities' large endowments which required constant
consultation with the financiers, the endowments being largely in bonds. That
explains, he says, the "constant interchange between the Ivy League and the
Federal government."
Road to Oz Is Paved With
"Charitable" Intentions
Medical Research
Rev. Gates induced Rockefeller to create the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1901 and placed Simon Flexner in
charge. Flexner had been a druggist's apprentice before entering the
University of Louisville, and receiving an M.D. in 1889. In 1890 he went to
Baltimore to study pathology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1893 he
visited Europe briefly, studying pathology at Strasbourg and at Prague.
He was professor of pathology at the University of Pennsylvania from 1899 to
1903. In 1903 he married Helen Whitall Thomas, sister of M. Carey Thomas,
president of Bryn Mawr College, and a talented member of an outstanding Quaker
family in Baltimore. He was a trustee of the Johns Hopkins University and of
the Carnegie Foundation of New York, and a member of the Royal Society of
London. After his retirement from the Rockefeller Institute in 1935, Flexner
was appointed Eastman Professor at Oxford University for 1937-38 and was a
helpful advisor in setting up the medical professorships endowed by Lord
Nuffield at Oxford's Radcliffe Infirmary.
Later with Flexner at the Medical Research
Institute from 1921-36 was Raymond Blaine Fosdick (1883-1972), an attorney and
author, who served as undersecretary-general of the League of Nations
(1919-1920). He also was involved in the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial,
the International Education Board, the General Education Board, and the
Rockefeller Foundation--in varying capacities until 1948. He was the brother
of Harry Emerson Fosdick, who was Rockefeller's pastor and for whom
Rockefeller built Riverside Church in the mid-1920's. Raymond Fosdick went on
Rockefeller's payroll in 1913. He was sent to the Paris Peace Conference in
1919 as part of "Col." Edward Mandell House's group, "the Inquiry," which ran
the American team at Paris. At the League of Nations, Fosdick, as Under
Secretary General, worked daily with 31-year-old Jean Monnet, France's Under
Secretary General. Fosdick wrote to his wife that he, Monnet, and the British
Under Secretary General were working to lay the foundations of "the framework
of international government. . . ." (Letter of July 31, 1919; in Fosdick, ed.,
Letters on the League of Nations [Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press, 1966], p. 18.) Over the next six decades, Monnet became
the driving force behind the creation of the European Common Market and the
New European order. Meanwhile, Fosdick returned to the United States, became
Rockefeller's attorney in 1920, and ran the Rockefeller Foundation's empire
for the next three decades. He wrote Rockefeller's authorized biography,
published in 1956. He was a founding member of the CFR in 1921, along with
many other members of the Inquiry. 47
Through Raymond Fosdick,
Rockefeller became acquainted with Arthur Sweetser, who encouraged his
interest in the League of Nations. Rockefeller saw in the League an
organization which could pursue at an official level the projects in social
work, health and education for which the Rockefeller Foundation was designed.
Rockefeller thus began to sponsor a number of League activities and personally
contributed with $2 million of his own to the establishment of the League
Library, nowadays the UNOG Library. Arthur Sweetser would later be present
at the Dumbarton Oaks conference, which set up the United Nations. He was
a member of the Council on Foreign Relations Peace and Aims Group with Allen
Dulles and William Langer, the OSS branch chief for Research and Analysis who
pioneered psychological profiling. Sweetser, became the Deputy director of the
Office of War Information (an Orwellian euphemism for "propaganda"). Sweetser
and Langer also worked together as members of the CFR Political Group with
John Foster Dulles. 48 It is
likely that Arthur Sweetser was related to Edwin Chapin Sweetser, a
Universalist minister in Philadelphia, 1879-1920, born in Massachusetts and
educated at Tufts and then the Canton Theological School in New York. Edwin
Sweetser spoke at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893. He
also gave the opening sermon at the Geneva Convention in 1911.
Education
In 1903 the General Education Board was created,
having been proposed by John D., Jr., with Carnegie appointed trustee, to
direct education into an "orderly system." The Carnegie Foundation, in fact,
financed a report setting out standards to organize medical education, which,
when put in effect reduced the number of medical schools by one-third within
five years; those schools which would not focus on the institute's goals
received no funding. Carnegie hired Abraham Flexner, Simon's brother and a
graduate of Johns Hopkins, to do the study. Flexner advocated the
restructuring of American higher education along the lines of Johns Hopkins,
based on the German education system. Flexner had done graduate study in
psychology at Harvard, followed by study in comparative education at the
University of